1. Beagle Board
Beagle Board with a low-cost, single fan-board (Board Size: 3 "x 3") family of computers based on TIS OMAP3 device manufactured by Texas Instruments in association with Digi-Key, are designed with a brilliant idea for the development of open source, to show Texas Instruments OMAP3530 system-on-a-chip, with all the upgrades desktop machine, but without the bulk, cost, or the sound (from beagleboard.org). It uses a TI OMAP3530 processor (ARM Cortex-A8 Core ~ ??600MHz TMS320C64x + DSP + ~ 430MHz). See the OMAP3530 processor features for features more. The target price is US-$ ~ 150, -.
The design goal is to make as simple and as cheap as possible, for example, has no LCD is added, but you can connect all the add-on hardware is available as an inexpensive external components.
2. Pico-ITX
VIA Technologies, Inc., has shown a lot of effort to reduce the size of the motherboard. Historically, they started from the mini-ITX from the factor (17cmx17cm), then Nano (12cmx12cm) and now they have reached the Pico-ITX. Suatu bentuk Pico-ITX. A Pico-ITX form factor mainboard, VIA VT6047, as shown in the picture below (slightly larger than the size of playing cards), most recently, of the palms and is the smallest in the world today.
Pico-ITX Mainboard size is only 10cm x 7.2cm, 75% smaller than Mini-ITX. Surprisingly, the small size, no reduction of any component on the motherboard. everything needed for your PC in the motherboard.
Moves produce a motherboard with a smaller size would indicate that demand for smaller form factor than a PC that . success depends on many VIA of the miniaturization of silicon as the level of expertise in the handling of power efficiency, thermal management and feature integration.
VIA VT6047 Pico-ITX mainboard was designed to be powered by one of VIA's energy efficient processor platforms, such as the VIA C7 or fanless VIA Eden processor in 21mm x 21mm package NanoBGA2, coupled with rich media features VIA processor systems to enable the board to pack punch performance of small or low heat, low power package.
Smallest Motherboard
Power consumption for VGA Card
Power consumption of graphics cards have now increased a lot. Some models use between 110 and 270 watts of power, in fact, a powerful graphics card under full load require as much power as the rest of the PC system components combined. If you plan to upgrade to dual-chip card or upgrade your system with a second video card to use SLI or CrossFire, the GPU (Graphic Processing Unit) plays the biggest role in determining how many watts your next power supply should you provide.
Stable power source is essential if you want to avoid accidents full-load operating system, the "view blu screen" If you do not have enough power, then the PC power supply or too hot, in the worst case will be heard loud noises on the power supply. The most important question is: how many watt power supply should be needed, whether it provides sufficient strength, and the plugs or adapters are required to supply?
Of course, cost is also a factor. With the current electricity prices, you must assess not only the hardware costs but also estimates the power used for one full year. If you do not need 3D performance of late and is looking for your HTPC graphics card is more economical, you can compare the four generations of AMD and Nvidia chips.
PCI Express
PCI Express (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express), officially abbreviated as PCIe (or PCI-E, as it is commonly called), is a computer expansion card standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP standards. PCIe 2.1 is the latest standard for expansion cards are available on mainstream personal computers.
PCI Express is used in consumer, server, and industrial applications, as a motherboard-level interconnects (to connect the motherboard-mounted peripherals) and as an expansion card interface for the addition of sircuit board. A key difference between PCIe and a bus topology based on previous serial link point-to-point, rather than a shared parallel bus architecture.
PCIe electrical interface is also used in a variety of other standards, especially the ExpressCard laptop expansion card interface.
Conceptually, the PCIe bus can be considered as a substitute for high-speed serial older (parallel) PCI / PCI-X bus. At the software level, PCIe maintaining compatibility with PCI, a PCIe device can be configured and used in legacy applications and operating systems that do not have direct knowledge of the newer PCIe features (but you can not insert a PCIe card into the PCI slot). In terms of the protocol bus, the PCIe communication is encapsulated in packets. Packetizing depacketizing works and traffic-data and status messages are handled by the port PCIe transaction layer (described later). Radical difference electrical signal and bus protocol requires the use of different form factors of mechanical and expansion connectors (and thus, a new motherboard and new adapter board).
Architecture
PCIe, unlike a standard PC expansion earlier, structured around a serial link point-to-point, the pair (one in each direction) to form a pathway, but rather from a parallel bus together. This path is directed by the hub on the main board acts as a crossbar switch. This behavior is a point-to-point dynamic allows more than one pair of devices to communicate with each other at the same time. In contrast, the old PC interface all devices permanently wired on the same bus, so only one device can transmit information at a time. This format also allows channel grouping, in which multiple paths are guaranteed to pair a single device to provide higher bandwidth.
The number of pathways that are negotiated during power-up or explicitly during operation. By making the lane count flexible, a single standard can provide for the needs of high bandwidth card (eg, graphics, 10 Gigabit Ethernet and multiport Gigabit Ethernet cards), while the less economical than a card.
Unlike previous PC expansion interface standards, PCIe is a network of connections point-to-point. This eliminates the need for arbitration bus or waiting for buses that will be free, and allows full duplex communication. While the standard PCI-X (133 MHz 64 bit) and PCIe × 4 has roughly the same data transfer speed, PCIe × 4 will give better performance if the pair multiple devices to communicate simultaneously or if communication between a single device pair is bidirectional.
The format specification is maintained and developed by PCI-SIG (PCI Special Interest Group), a group of more than 900 companies that also maintain the conventional PCI specification.
Interconnect
PCIe devices communicate via a logical connection called an interconnect or link. link is a communication channel point-to-point between the two PCIe ports, which allows both to send / receive regular PCI-demand (configuration read / write, I / O read / write, memory read / write) and cut (INTx, MSI, MSI-X). At the physical level, a link consists of one or more lanes. low-speed peripherals (such as a Wi-Fi 802.11) using a single-lane (× 1) links, while the graphics adapters typically use 16-lane link wider (and thus, faster).
PCI Express (standard)
PCIe card will fit into a slot or larger physical size, but can not get into a smaller PCIe slot. Some of the slots using an open socket to allow the physical card anymore and will negotiate the best available electrical connections. The number of lines actually connected to a slot may also be less than the number of slots supported by the physical size. Example a is a x8 slot that actually only runs at × 1; these slots will allow any card × 1, × 2, × × 4 or 8 to be used, although it only runs at 1 × speed. This type of socket is described as × 8 (× 1 mode) slot, meaning physically receive up to × 8 cards but only runs at 1 × speed. The advantage gained is that many larger PCIe cards can still be used without requiring the motherboard hardware to support full transfer rate, which keeps costs down design and implementation.
PCI Express Mini Card
PCI Express Mini Card (also known as the Mini PCI Express, PCIe Mini, and Mini PCI-E) is a replacement for the Mini PCI form factor based on PCI Express. Express. It was developed by PCI-SIG. The host device supports PCI Express and USB 2.0, and using each card where the designer feels most appropriate to the task. Most laptops are built after 2005 are based on PCI Express and can have several mini card slot.
External PCIe video cards
Theoretically, External PCIe graphics notebook can deliver the power of the desktop by connecting your notebook to desktop video card PCIe (enclosed in its own external housing), but only one finished product and there are two product concepts. All three video cards provide power to external display only, and all connected to the notebook via an ExpressCard interface, which limits the bandwidth of the video card inserted × 16 (4 GB / s in each direction), only × 1 (250 MB / s in each direction )
IBM / Lenovo also includes PCI-Express slots in their Advanced Docking Station 250310U. It provides a half-size slots with x16 slot length, but only x1 connectivity. However, docking station with expansion slots became less common as laptops get more advanced video card and both DVI-D interface, or DVI-D to pass through the port replicators and docking stations.
Additionally, the Quadro Plex Nvidia has developed an external PCIe Video Card that can be used for advanced graphics applications. These cards require PCI Express × 8 or × 16 slots for interconnecting cables. AMD recently announced ATI XGP technology based on proprietary cabling solutions compatible with PCIe transmission signal.
Intel vs. AMD
Central processing unit, better known as a CPU or processor, is an important part of any computing system. Indeed, when asked the computer then the question is what processor you use. processor is a unit that reads and executes each instruction program. Therefore, it is important to consider the type of processor you need before buying a new computer or laptop.
There are some criteria people buy computers, among others:
1. computer access
2. Endurance Computers
3. To play the Game
4. For Online Internet
5. For Graphic Design
6. Or simply Operational Office
Currently a large number of brand offers a lot of good processors, and competition between AMD vs. Intel, so far, assuming gigantic proportions in terms of comparison processing features, the difference in price and market share! So, the better - AMD or Intel? Let's look at the comparison amd vs intel processor 2011 and decide for ourselves!
Although Intel dominates the market are high, but i series processor technologies such as Core, AMD does not miss and occupies a considerable mind share because of higher processor performance at an economical price range. Let's look at different brands of AMD vs Intel processors to find out what's on offer these products and how each of them could be at a higher grade than any other type of processor.
Processor AMD
AMD processors offer three qualities - high end, middle and bottom. There are three processors in each category.
Category consists of high-end AMD Phenom II X6, AMD Phenom X4 and AMD Phenom X2 II II. Phenom II X6 is the first AMD with six-core processor designed to optimize the performance of a very high level. Phenom X4 II is equipped with quad-core Phenom chips and chip II X6 is specifically designed for multimedia quality is extraordinary is used for advanced applications. Phenom X2 II is a 2 core processor capacity that ensures quality good overall performance with a very economical price.
Medium category consists of the AMD Phenom X3 II, AMD Turion AMD Turion Ultra II and II. Phenom X3 is a sequence of class II 3 core processor with 64-bit computing capability, which is designed to provide optimum performance with economy pricing. Both Turions designed for excellent multimedia output and they are mostly made by AMD or ATI graphics, of course, with a very economical price.
AMD processor is AMD Sempron basis, AMD Athlon and AMD Athlon X2 Neo Neo. Considered best for mobile computing, the AMD Sempron is a popular choice for desktops and laptops with a low budget. processor is suitable for very basic computing needs such as browsing the Internet, the basic functions of the office and e-mail. Athlon and Athlon X2 Neo Neo made with lower processing power and economic power of consumers and mostly found in netbook and nettop. Because that is integrated with ATI graphics, the processor also offers a decent output for basic multimedia.
Intel Processor
Not to be outdone by AMD, Intel is a formidable opponent to AMD processors. Same with AMD, Intel also offers a range of three processors - the high end, middle and bottom - with the first category consists of three and the rest consists of two products.
High end Intel processor consists of the latest series i Core - Intel Core i3, i5, and i7. Core i5 and Core i7 is created with 2, 4 or 6 (only available for Core i7) capacity and 64-bit processors. Both come with Hyper Threading technology and Turbo Boost. Turbo Technology Enhance ensure overall performance improvement and dealing with aspects such as the number of active cores, power consumption, processor temperature, etc. Core i3 also has this feature, in addition to the Turbo Boost technology. I5 has a memory cache is lower than the i7.
Medium includes an Intel Core 2 Duo and Intel Pentium Dual Core processor. The first offers two core processes that enhance the gaming and multimedia output. This last is based on Core micro-architecture and provides decent output for multimedia.
Intel processors including the Intel Centrino processor basis, Intel Centrino Duo and Intel Atom. Both processors Centrino is a popular choice for mobile computing and small laptops. Intel's Atom is designed to consume very low power, and processing functions are also limited.
1. Power Consumption
AMD : Less efficient than Intel
Intel : better than AMD
2. Price
AMD : Low
Intel : High
3. Cooling Factor
AMD : Faster Heat
Intel : No fast heat
4. Speed Work
AMD : Not much faster than the Intel
Intel : Faster than AMD
5. For games and multimedia
AMD : Gaming and multimedia output is better because it is faster clocking
Intel : No good for games Games
6. Performance and Prices
AMD : High and Low
Intel : Higher and Higher
Such fundamental comparisons between AMD and Intel. To obtain technical information as much as you want you can see it on amd.com and intel.com
How to divide the bandwidth of client computers without software
frequency signal power the Internet, where every computer is in use or connected to the Internet by the provider will be given the capacity of Bandwidth usage: 64 kb / s or 512 Mb / s and so on.
For business use such as Office and Warnet, need to be made the division of bandwidth, so that every computer connected to the Internet in a network having an equal parts. If there is no bandwidth setting it in a network who is first to use computers and to download software that large capacity, then the bandwidth will be too big part to cumputer direction, while the other computer's internet speed will slow down may not even be able to browse the internet.
There are two way to control bandwidth, among others:
1. Setting the OS
2. With Using Bandwidth Control Software
Which will be discussed here is to divide the bandwidth to client computers without using a Software
His way is as follows:
1. Click Start ==> Run
2. Then type gpedit.msc, then after that out of the box "Group Policy"
3. In the "Computer Configuration", select "Administrative Templates"
4. Then select "Network"
5. Click on the "QoS Packet Scheduler"
6. After that Select the "Limit reservable bandwidth"
7. Choose from "Not Configured" to "Enable"
8. After that the table under the heading of "Bandwidth Limit%" Change From "20" to "80 or 20", then "Apply", "OK". This setting depends on the number of computers, if we want to set each computer canbandwidth of 10% then we live input rate of 90%, if we set each computer to get 20% then we live on the input rate of 80%.
Hopefully Helpful
External VGA Card (For Gamers)
Ok, just go ahead. This time I want to tell you about one of the Add On or addition to your laptop. Generally, we buy a laptop with a VGA onboard (which is its memory shared with RAM). That's because laptops with onboard VGA / VGA shared have a cheaper price compared to the gaming laptop that in fact already using the VGA independent. So, if we want to play a game with the computer specifications needs a "crazy", almost becomes an impossibility.
But it seems almost nothing is impossible in a world of technology, especially the IT field. Recently I read some articles that say that it has launched several products an external VGA card (GPU portable). Even artificial external VGA card ASUS XG Station series it has been marketed since 4 years ago (January 6, 2007). So is ATI (owned by AMD) which since 3 years (June 2008) also had releases products under the name external VGA ATI XGP. Both GPU portable / external VGA card can be easily installed or removed from your laptop because it is only with connectivity via data cable (ATI XGP) or USB 2.0 cable used to ASUS XG Station).
Here are the specifications of the above product:
1. ASUS XG Station
Graphics Engine: GeForce 8600GT
Video Memory: 256MB DDR3
Engine Clock: 540MHz
Memory Clock: 1.4GHz (700MHz DDR3)
Memory Interface: 128-bit
Max. Max. Resolution: Up to 3840 x 2400
Bus Standard: PCI Express X1
VGA Output: YES, via DVI to VGA Adapter
TV Output: YES,
DVI Output: DVI-I
Dual DVI Output: YES
Audio out: Headphone out * 1, Microphone out * 1
Adaptor/Cable Bundled: DVI to VGA adapter, HDTV-out cable, Power cable, cable Express Card
Software Bundled: ASUS Utilities & Driver
Price: U.S. $ 300-400
Differences Harddisk IDE, Sata And Ata
Differences Harddisk IDE, Sata And Ata
Hard drive is one of the most important component in the computer, for that you should be able to determine the type of hard drive is in accordance with the conditions your computer.
1. IDE
IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) is a standard interface between a computer motherboard data bus with disk storage. IDE interface is made based on the IBM PC Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) 16-bit bus. Of the IDE interface is the interface for storage devices that can integration to disk or CD-ROM drive. Although the IDE is a general technology, most people use the term to refer to the IDE ATA specification. While the AHCI (Advanced Host Controller Interface) is a hardware mechanism that allows software to communicate with SATA as host bus adapters are designed for hot-plug and native command queuing (NCQ), which can increase the ability of computer / system / hard disk, especially in multi-tasking environment by allowing the drive to execute read and write commands are sent randomly in order to optimize the head movement in the reading process. AHCI has been supported by various operating systems like Windows Vista and Linux kernel 2.6.19.
2. ATA
Most types of drives used by computer users are the type of ATA (known as IDE drives). Type ATA is made based on the 1986 standards by using 16-bit parallel and continues to expand with additional speed and size of the disk. Final standard is ATA-7 which was first introduced in 2001 by the T13 committee (the committee responsible for determining the standard ATA). Type ATA-7 has a data transfer 133 MB / sec. Later in the year 2000 set a standard for parallel ATA has a data rate of 133 MB / sec, Parallel ATA but there are many problems that singnal thymine, EMI (interference electromognetic) and intergitas data. Then the industry trying to solve a problem that caused by the parallel ATA and create a new standard called Serial ATA (SATA)
ATA (Advanced Technology Attachment) using 16-bit parallel is used to control computer equipment, and has been in use for 18 years as a standard. The difference between SATA and ATA is the most simple data cables and power lines are different.
ATA standard, such as the 200GB Western Digital model, have a two-inch ribbon cable with 40 pin data connections and requires 5V for each pin 4-pin connection. Meanwhile, like 120 GB SATA Western Digital model has a half-inch wide, 7 connector so that the data connection is thinner and easier to manage kebel data. SATA data cable has a maximum length of 1 meter (39.37 inches) longer than the ATA is only 18 inches.
3. SATA
SATA 15 pin power cable with a 250 mV, seem to require more power in comparison with 4 pin ATA, but in fact the same. And the best SATA capability is the achievement of maximum possible bandwidth of 150 MB / sec
Other advantages of SATA is SATA made with hot-swap capabilities so that can turn off and turn on without shut down the computer system.
Whereas in the price, SATA drives are more expensive compared to some ATA drives, SATA is the meaning have more benefits than the ATA connector, power, and most importantly performance. Now the ATA standard has been started in the left and the producers chose SATA standard.
Do not forget to read also links parts of the hard drive